Книга рецептов¶

Here are contributions of Lua programs for some frequent or tricky situations.

You can execute any of these programs by copying the code into a .lua file, and then entering chmod +x ./program-name.lua and ./program-name.lua on the terminal.

The first line is a «hashbang»:

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

This runs Tarantool Lua application server, which should be on the execution path.

Use freely.

hello_world.lua¶

The standard example of a simple program.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

print('Hello, World!')

console_start.lua¶

Use box.once() to initialize a database (creating spaces) if this is the first time the server has been run. Then use console.start() to start interactive mode.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

-- Configure database
box.cfg {
    listen = 3313
}

box.once("bootstrap", function()
    box.schema.space.create('tweedledum')
    box.space.tweedledum:create_index('primary',
        { type = 'TREE', parts = {1, 'num'}})
end)

require('console').start()

fio_read.lua¶

Use the fio module to open, read, and close a file.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local fio = require('fio')
local errno = require('errno')
local f = fio.open('/tmp/xxxx.txt', {'O_RDONLY' })
if not f then
    error("Failed to open file: "..errno.strerror())
end
local data = f:read(4096)
f:close()
print(data)

fio_write.lua¶

Use the fio module to open, write, and close a file.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local fio = require('fio')
local errno = require('errno')
local f = fio.open('/tmp/xxxx.txt', {'O_CREAT', 'O_WRONLY', 'O_APPEND'},
    tonumber('0666', 8))
if not f then
    error("Failed to open file: "..errno.strerror())
end
f:write("Hello\n");
f:close()

ffi_printf.lua¶

Use the LuaJIT ffi library to call a C built-in function: printf(). (For help understanding ffi, see the FFI tutorial.)

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local ffi = require('ffi')
ffi.cdef[[
    int printf(const char *format, ...);
]]

ffi.C.printf("Hello, %s\n", os.getenv("USER"));

ffi_gettimeofday.lua¶

Use the LuaJIT ffi library to call a C function: gettimeofday(). This delivers time with millisecond precision, unlike the time function in Tarantool’s clock module.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local ffi = require('ffi')
ffi.cdef[[
    typedef long time_t;
    typedef struct timeval {
    time_t tv_sec;
    time_t tv_usec;
} timeval;
    int gettimeofday(struct timeval *t, void *tzp);
]]

local timeval_buf = ffi.new("timeval")
local now = function()
    ffi.C.gettimeofday(timeval_buf, nil)
    return tonumber(timeval_buf.tv_sec * 1000 + (timeval_buf.tv_usec / 1000))
end

ffi_zlib.lua¶

Use the LuaJIT ffi library to call a C library function. (For help understanding ffi, see the FFI tutorial.)

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local ffi = require("ffi")
ffi.cdef[[
    unsigned long compressBound(unsigned long sourceLen);
    int compress2(uint8_t *dest, unsigned long *destLen,
    const uint8_t *source, unsigned long sourceLen, int level);
    int uncompress(uint8_t *dest, unsigned long *destLen,
    const uint8_t *source, unsigned long sourceLen);
]]
local zlib = ffi.load(ffi.os == "Windows" and "zlib1" or "z")

-- Lua wrapper for compress2()
local function compress(txt)
    local n = zlib.compressBound(#txt)
    local buf = ffi.new("uint8_t[?]", n)
    local buflen = ffi.new("unsigned long[1]", n)
    local res = zlib.compress2(buf, buflen, txt, #txt, 9)
    assert(res == 0)
    return ffi.string(buf, buflen[0])
end

-- Lua wrapper for uncompress
local function uncompress(comp, n)
    local buf = ffi.new("uint8_t[?]", n)
    local buflen = ffi.new("unsigned long[1]", n)
    local res = zlib.uncompress(buf, buflen, comp, #comp)
    assert(res == 0)
    return ffi.string(buf, buflen[0])
end

-- Simple test code.
local txt = string.rep("abcd", 1000)
print("Uncompressed size: ", #txt)
local c = compress(txt)
print("Compressed size: ", #c)
local txt2 = uncompress(c, #txt)
assert(txt2 == txt)

ffi_meta.lua¶

Use the LuaJIT ffi library to access a C object via a metamethod (a method which is defined with a metatable).

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local ffi = require("ffi")
ffi.cdef[[
typedef struct { double x, y; } point_t;
]]

local point
local mt = {
  __add = function(a, b) return point(a.x+b.x, a.y+b.y) end,
  __len = function(a) return math.sqrt(a.x*a.x + a.y*a.y) end,
  __index = {
    area = function(a) return a.x*a.x + a.y*a.y end,
  },
}
point = ffi.metatype("point_t", mt)

local a = point(3, 4)
print(a.x, a.y)  --> 3  4
print(#a)        --> 5
print(a:area())  --> 25
local b = a + point(0.5, 8)
print(#b)        --> 12.5

print_arrays.lua¶

Create Lua tables, and print them. Notice that for the „array“ table the iterator function is ipairs(), while for the „map“ table the iterator function is pairs(). (ipairs() is faster than pairs(), but pairs() is recommended for map-like tables or mixed tables.) The display will look like: «1 Apple | 2 Orange | 3 Grapefruit | 4 Banana | k3 v3 | k1 v1 | k2 v2».

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

array = { 'Apple', 'Orange', 'Grapefruit', 'Banana'}
for k, v in ipairs(array) do print(k, v) end

map = { k1 = 'v1', k2 = 'v2', k3 = 'v3' }
for k, v in pairs(map) do print(k, v) end

count_array.lua¶

Use the „#“ operator to get the number of items in an array-like Lua table. This operation has O(log(N)) complexity.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

array = { 1, 2, 3}
print(#array)

count_array_with_nils.lua¶

Missing elements in arrays, which Lua treats a «nil»s, cause the simple «#» operator to deliver improper results. The «print(#t)» instruction will print «4»; the «print(counter)» instruction will print «3»; the «print(max)» instruction will print «10». Other table functions, such as table.sort(), will also misbehave when «nils» are present.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local t = {}
t[1] = 1
t[4] = 4
t[10] = 10
print(#t)
local counter = 0
for k,v in pairs(t) do counter = counter + 1 end
print(counter)
local max = 0
for k,v in pairs(t) do if k > max then max = k end end
print(max)

count_array_with_nulls.lua¶

Use explicit NULL values to avoid the problems caused by Lua’s nil == missing value behavior. Although json.NULL == nil is true, all the print instructions in this program will print the correct value: 10.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local json = require('json')
local t = {}
t[1] = 1; t[2] = json.NULL; t[3]= json.NULL;
t[4] = 4; t[5] = json.NULL; t[6]= json.NULL;
t[6] = 4; t[7] = json.NULL; t[8]= json.NULL;
t[9] = json.NULL
t[10] = 10
print(#t)
local counter = 0
for k,v in pairs(t) do counter = counter + 1 end
print(counter)
local max = 0
for k,v in pairs(t) do if k > max then max = k end end
print(max)

count_map.lua¶

Get the number of elements in a map-like table.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local map = { a = 10, b = 15, c = 20 }
local size = 0
for _ in pairs(map) do size = size + 1; end
print(size)

swap.lua¶

Use a Lua peculiarity to swap two variables without needing a third variable.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local x = 1
local y = 2
x, y = y, x
print(x, y)

class.lua¶

Create a class, create a metatable for the class, create an instance of the class. Another illustration is at http://lua-users.org/wiki/LuaClassesWithMetatable.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

-- define class objects
local myclass_somemethod = function(self)
    print('test 1', self.data)
end

local myclass_someothermethod = function(self)
    print('test 2', self.data)
end

local myclass_tostring = function(self)
    return 'MyClass <'..self.data..'>'
end

local myclass_mt = {
    __tostring = myclass_tostring;
    __index = {
        somemethod = myclass_somemethod;
        someothermethod = myclass_someothermethod;
    }
}

-- create a new object of myclass
local object = setmetatable({ data = 'data'}, myclass_mt)
print(object:somemethod())
print(object.data)

garbage.lua¶

Force Lua garbage collection with the collectgarbage function.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

collectgarbage('collect')

fiber_producer_and_consumer.lua¶

Start one fiber for producer and one fiber for consumer. Use fiber.channel() to exchange data and synchronize. One can tweak the channel size (ch_size in the program code) to control the number of simultaneous tasks waiting for processing.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local fiber = require('fiber')
local function consumer_loop(ch, i)
    -- initialize consumer synchronously or raise an error()
    fiber.sleep(0) -- allow fiber.create() to continue
    while true do
        local data = ch:get()
        if data == nil then
            break
        end
        print('consumed', i, data)
        fiber.sleep(math.random()) -- simulate some work
    end
end

local function producer_loop(ch, i)
    -- initialize consumer synchronously or raise an error()
    fiber.sleep(0) -- allow fiber.create() to continue
    while true do
        local data = math.random()
        ch:put(data)
        print('produced', i, data)
    end
end

local function start()
    local consumer_n = 5
    local producer_n = 3

    -- Create a channel
    local ch_size = math.max(consumer_n, producer_n)
    local ch = fiber.channel(ch_size)

    -- Start consumers
    for i=1, consumer_n,1 do
        fiber.create(consumer_loop, ch, i)
    end

    -- Start producers
    for i=1, producer_n,1 do
        fiber.create(producer_loop, ch, i)
    end
end

start()
print('started')

socket_tcpconnect.lua¶

Use socket.tcp_connect() to connect to a remote host via TCP. Display the connection details and the result of a GET request.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local s = require('socket').tcp_connect('google.com', 80)
print(s:peer().host)
print(s:peer().family)
print(s:peer().type)
print(s:peer().protocol)
print(s:peer().port)
print(s:write("GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n"))
print(s:read('\r\n'))
print(s:read('\r\n'))

socket_tcp_echo.lua¶

Use socket.tcp_connect() to set up a simple TCP server, by creating a function that handles requests and echos them, and passing the function to socket.tcp_server(). This program has been used to test with 100,000 clients, with each client getting a separate fiber.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local function handler(s, peer)
    s:write("Welcome to test server, " .. peer.host .."\n")
    while true do
        local line = s:read('\n')
        if line == nil then
            break -- error or eof
        end
        if not s:write("pong: "..line) then
            break -- error or eof
        end
    end
end

local server, addr = require('socket').tcp_server('localhost', 3311, handler)

getaddrinfo.lua¶

Use socket.getaddrinfo() to perform non-blocking DNS resolution, getting both the AF_INET6 and AF_INET information for „google.com“. This technique is not always necessary for tcp connections because socket.tcp_connect() performs socket.getaddrinfo under the hood, before trying to connect to the first available address.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local s = require('socket').getaddrinfo('google.com', 'http', { type = 'SOCK_STREAM' })
print('host=',s[1].host)
print('family=',s[1].family)
print('type=',s[1].type)
print('protocol=',s[1].protocol)
print('port=',s[1].port)
print('host=',s[2].host)
print('family=',s[2].family)
print('type=',s[2].type)
print('protocol=',s[2].protocol)
print('port=',s[2].port)

socket_udp_echo.lua¶

Tarantool does not currently have a udp_server function, therefore socket_udp_echo.lua is more complicated than socket_tcp_echo.lua. It can be implemented with sockets and fibers.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local socket = require('socket')
local errno = require('errno')
local fiber = require('fiber')

local function udp_server_loop(s, handler)
    fiber.name("udp_server")
    while true do
        -- try to read a datagram first
        local msg, peer = s:recvfrom()
        if msg == "" then
            -- socket was closed via s:close()
            break
        elseif msg ~= nil then
            -- got a new datagram
            handler(s, peer, msg)
        else
            if s:errno() == errno.EAGAIN or s:errno() == errno.EINTR then
                -- socket is not ready
                s:readable() -- yield, epoll will wake us when new data arrives
            else
                -- socket error
                local msg = s:error()
                s:close() -- save resources and don't wait GC
                error("Socket error: " .. msg)
            end
        end
    end
end

local function udp_server(host, port, handler)
    local s = socket('AF_INET', 'SOCK_DGRAM', 0)
    if not s then
        return nil -- check errno:strerror()
    end
    if not s:bind(host, port) then
        local e = s:errno() -- save errno
        s:close()
        errno(e) -- restore errno
        return nil -- check errno:strerror()
    end

    fiber.create(udp_server_loop, s, handler) -- start a new background fiber
    return s
end

A function for a client that connects to this server could look something like this …

local function handler(s, peer, msg)
    -- You don't have to wait until socket is ready to send UDP
    -- s:writable()
    s:sendto(peer.host, peer.port, "Pong: " .. msg)
end

local server = udp_server('127.0.0.1', 3548, handler)
if not server then
    error('Failed to bind: ' .. errno.strerror())
end

print('Started')

require('console').start()

http_get.lua¶

Use the http rock (which must first be installed) to get data via HTTP.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local http_client = require('http.client')
local json = require('json')
local r = http_client.get('http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=Oakland,us')
if r.status ~= 200 then
    print('Failed to get weather forecast ', r.reason)
    return
end
local data = json.decode(r.body)
print('Oakland wind speed: ', data.wind.speed)

http_send.lua¶

Use the http rock (which must first be installed) to send data via HTTP.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local http_client = require('http.client')
local json = require('json')
local data = json.encode({ Key = 'Value'})
local headers = { Token = 'xxxx', ['X-Secret-Value'] = 42 }
local r = http_client.post('http://localhost:8081', data, { headers = headers})
if r.status == 200 then
    print 'Success'
end

http_server.lua¶

Use the http rock (which must first be installed) to turn Tarantool into a web server.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local function handler(self)
    return self:render{ json = { ['Your-IP-Is'] = self.peer.host } }
end

local server = require('http.server').new(nil, 8080) -- listen *:8080
server:route({ path = '/' }, handler)
server:start()
-- connect to localhost:8080 and see json

http_generate_html.lua¶

Use the http rock (which must first be installed) to generate HTML pages from templates. The http rock has a fairly simple template engine which allows execution of regular Lua code inside text blocks (like PHP). Therefore there is no need to learn new languages in order to write templates.

#!/usr/bin/env tarantool

local function handler(self)
local fruits = { 'Apple', 'Orange', 'Grapefruit', 'Banana'}
    return self:render{ fruits = fruits }
end

local server = require('http.server').new(nil, 8080) -- nil means '*'
server:route({ path = '/', file = 'index.html.lua' }, handler)
server:start()

An «HTML» file for this server, including Lua, could look like this (it would produce «1 Apple | 2 Orange | 3 Grapefruit | 4 Banana»).

<html>
<body>
    <table border="1">
        % for i,v in pairs(fruits) do
        <tr>
            <td><%= i %></td>
            <td><%= v %></td>
        </tr>
        % end
    </table>
</body>
</html>

Версия: