Binary protocol
The binary protocol is called a «request/response» protocol because it is for sending requests to a Tarantool server and receiving responses. There is complete access to Tarantool functionality, including:
- request multiplexing, for example ability to issue multiple requests asynchronously via the same connection
- формат ответа, который поддерживает запись в режиме без копирования (zero-copy).
The protocol can be called «binary» because the most-frequently-used database accesses are done with binary codes instead of Lua request text. Tarantool experts use it to write their own connectors, to understand network messages, to support new features that their favorite connector doesn’t support yet, or to avoid repetitive parsing by the server.
| Section | Description |
|---|---|
| Symbols and terms | Notation of binary protocol |
| Illustration | Illustration of use |
| Header and body | Header of a request |
| Requests:
IPROTO_SELECT IPROTO_INSERT IPROTO_REPLACE IPROTO_UPDATE IPROTO_DELETE IPROTO_CALL_16 IPROTO_AUTH IPROTO_EVAL IPROTO_UPSERT IPROTO_CALL IPROTO_EXECUTE IPROTO_NOP IPROTO_PREPARE IPROTO_PING IPROTO_JOIN IPROTO_SUBSCRIBE IPROTO_VOTE_DEPRECATED IPROTO_VOTE IPROTO_FETCH_SNAPSHOT IPROTO_REGISTER |
Body of a request |
| Responses if no error and no SQL | Responses for no SQL |
| Responses for errors | Responses for errors |
| Responses for SQL | Responses for SQL |
| Authentication | Authentication after connection |
| Replication | Replication request |
| Type DECIMAL | MessagePack extension type |
| XLOG/SNAP | Format of .xlog and .snap files |
For diagrams in this section, the box borders have special meanings:
0 X
+----+
| | - X + 1 bytes
+----+
TYPE - type of MessagePack value (if it is a MessagePack object)
+====+
| | - Variable size MessagePack object
+====+
TYPE - type of MessagePack value
+~~~~+
| | - Variable size MessagePack Array/Map
+~~~~+
TYPE - type of MessagePack value
And words that start with MP_ mean: a MessagePack type or a range of MessagePack types, including the signal and possibly including a value, with slight modification:
- MP_NIL nil
- MP_UINT unsigned integer
- MP_INT either integer or unsigned integer
- MP_STR string
- MP_BIN binary string
- MP_ARRAY array
- MP_MAP map
- MP_BOOL boolean
- MP_FLOAT float
- MP_DOUBLE double
- MP_EXT extension (including the DECIMAL type)
- MP_OBJECT any MessagePack object
Short descriptions are in MessagePack’s «spec» page.
And words that start with IPROTO_ mean: a Tarantool constant which is either defined or mentioned in the iproto_constants.h file. These constants are used as keys within MP_MAP maps.
To follow the examples in this section, get a single Linux computer and start three command-line shells («terminals»).
– On terminal #1, Start monitoring port 3302 with tcpdump:
sudo tcpdump -i lo 'port 3302' -X
On terminal #2, start a server with:
box.cfg{listen=3302}
box.schema.user.grant('guest','read,write,execute,create,drop','universe')
On terminal #3, start another server, which will act as a client, with:
box.cfg{}
net_box = require('net.box')
conn = net_box.connect('localhost:3302')
conn.space._space:select(280)
Now look at what tcpdump shows for the job connecting to 3302. – the «request». After the words «length 32» is a packet that ends with with these 32 bytes: (we have added indented comments):
ce 00 00 00 1b MP_UINT = decimal 27 = number of bytes after this
82 MP_MAP, size 2 (we'll call this "Main-Map")
01 IPROTO_SYNC (Main-Map Item#1)
04 MP_INT = 4 = number that gets incremented with each request
00 IPROTO_REQUEST_TYPE (Main-Map Item#2)
01 IPROTO_SELECT
86 MP_MAP, size 6 (we'll call this "Select-Map")
10 IPROTO_SPACE_ID (Select-Map Item#1)
cd 01 18 MP_UINT = decimal 280 = id of _space
11 IPROTO_INDEX_ID (Select-Map Item#2)
00 MP_INT = 0 = id of index within _space
14 IPROTO_ITERATOR (Select-Map Item#3)
00 MP_INT = 0 = Tarantool iterator_type.h constant ITER_EQ
13 IPROTO_OFFSET (Select-Map Item#4)
00 MP_INT = 0 = amount to offset
12 IPROTO_LIMIT (Select-Map Item#5)
ce ff ff ff ff MP_UINT = 4294967295 = biggest possible limit
20 IPROTO_KEY (Select-Map Item#6)
91 MP_ARRAY, size 1 (we'll call this "Key-Array")
cd 01 18 MP_UINT = 280 (Select-Map Item#6, Key-Array Item#1)
-- 280 is the key value that we are searching for
Now read the source code file
net_box.c
and skip to the line netbox_encode_select(lua_State *L).
From the comments and from simple function calls like
mpstream_encode_uint(&stream, IPROTO_SPACE_ID);
you will be able to see how net_box put together the packet contents that you
have just observed with tcpdump.
There are libraries for reading and writing MessagePack objects. C programmers sometimes include msgpuck.h.
Now you know how Tarantool itself makes requests with the binary protocol.
When in doubt about a detail, consult net_box.c – it has routines for each
request. Some connectors have similar code.
Except during connection (which involves a greeting from the server and optional authentication that we will discuss later in this section), the protocol is pure request/response (the client requests and the server responds). It is legal to put more than one request in a packet.
Almost all requests and responses contain both a header and a body.
Normal Request/Response header and body:
0 5
+--------+ +============+ +===================================+
| HEADER | | | | |
| + BODY | | HEADER | | BODY |
| SIZE | | | | |
+--------+ +============+ +===================================+
MP_INT MP_MAP MP_MAP
HEADER + BODY SIZE is the size of the header plus the size of the body. It may be useful to compare it with the number of bytes remaining in the packet.
HEADER may contain, in any order:
HEADER:
+====================================+=====================+===============================+
| | | |
| 0x00: IPROTO_REQUEST_TYPE | 0x01: IPROTO_SYNC | 0x05: IPROTO_SCHEMA_VERSION |
| or Response-Code-Indicator | MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_INT |
| MP_INT: MP_INT | | |
| | | |
+====================================+=====================+===============================+
MP_MAP
IPROTO_SYNC = 0x01. An unsigned integer that should be incremented so that it is unique in every request. This integer is also returned from box.session.sync(). The IPROTO_SYNC value of a response should be the same as the IPROTO_SYNC value of a request.
IPROTO_SCHEMA_VERSION = 0x05. An unsigned number, sometimes called SCHEMA_ID, that goes up when there is a major change. In a request header IPROTO_SCHEMA_VERSION is optional, so the version will not be checked if it is absent. In a response header IPROTO_SCHEMA_VERSION is always present, and it is up to the client to check if it has changed.
IPROTO_REQUEST_TYPE or Response-Code-Indicator = 0x00. An unsigned number that indicates what will be in the BODY. In requests IPROTO_REQUEST_TYPE will be followed by IPROTO_SELECT etc. In responses Response-Code-Indicator will be followed by IPROTO_OK etc.
The BODY has the details of the request or response. In a request, it can also be absent or be an empty map. Both these states will be interpreted equally. Responses will contain the BODY anyway even if it is a IPROTO_PING request.
Have a look at file
xrow.c
function xrow_header_encode, to see how Tarantool encodes the header.
Have a look at file net_box.c, function netbox_decode_data, to see how Tarantool
decodes the header. For example, in a successful response to box.space:select(),
the Response-Code-Indicator value will be 0 = IPROTO_OK and the
array will have all the tuples of the result.
After the HEADER, for a request, there will be a body that begins with these request-type IPROTO codes.
IPROTO_SELECT = 0x01.
See space_object:select(). The body is a 6-item map:
+=========================+=========================+=========================+
| | | |
| 0x10: IPROTO_SPACE_ID | 0x11: IPROTO_INDEX_ID | 0x12: IPROTO_LIMIT |
| MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_INT |
| | | |
+=========================+=========================+=========================+
| | | |
| 0x13: IPROTO_OFFSET | 0x14: IPROTO_ITERATOR | 0x20: IPROTO_KEY |
| MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_ARRAY |
| | | |
+=========================+=========================+=========================+
MP_MAP
IPROTO_SPACE_ID (0x10) + MP_INT, IPROTO_INDEX_ID (0x11) + MP_INT, IPROTO_ITERATOR (0x14) + MP_INT, IPROTO_OFFSET (0x13) + MP_INT, IPROTO_LIMIT (0x12) + MP_INT, IPROTO_KEY (0x20) + MP_ARRAY (array of key values). See the illustration of IPROTO_SELECT in the earlier section, Binary protocol – illustration.
IPROTO_INSERT == 0x02.
See space_object:insert(). The body is a 2-item map:
+=========================+======================+
| | |
| 0x10: IPROTO_SPACE_ID | 0x21: IPROTO_TUPLE |
| MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_ARRAY |
| | |
+=========================+======================+
MP_MAP
IPROTO_SPACE_ID (0x10) + MP_INT, IPROTO_TUPLE + MP_ARRAY (array of field values).
IPROTO_REPLACE = 0x03, See space_object:replace(). The body is a 2-item map, the same as for IPROTO_INSERT:
+=========================+======================+
| | |
| 0x10: IPROTO_SPACE_ID | 0x21: IPROTO_TUPLE |
| MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_ARRAY |
| | |
+=========================+======================+
MP_MAP
IPROTO_SPACE_ID (0x10) + MP_INT, IPROTO_TUPLE (0x21) + MP_ARRAY (array of field values).
IPROTO_UPDATE = 0x04.
See space_object:update(). The body is usually a 4-item map,
+=========================+===============================+
| | |
| 0x10: IPROTO_SPACE_ID | 0x11: IPROTO_INDEX_ID |
| MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_INT |
| | |
+=========================+===============================+
| | +~~~~~~~~~~~+ |
| | | usually | |
| | | OPERATOR, | |
| | (IPROTO_TUPLE) | FIELD_NO, | |
| 0x20: IPROTO_KEY | 0x21: | VALUE | |
| MP_INT: MP_ARRAY | MP_INT: +~~~~~~~~~~~+ |
| | MP_ARRAY |
+=========================+===============================+
MP_MAP
IPROTO_SPACE_ID (0x10) + MP_INT,
IPROTO_INDEX_ID (0x11) + MP_INT with index number starting with 0,
IPROTO_KEY (0x20) + MP_ARRAY (array of index keys),
IPROTO_TUPLE (0x21) + MP_ARRAY (array of update operations).
If the operation specifies no values, it is a 2-item array:
OPERATOR MP_STR = "#",
FIELD_NO MP_INT = field number starting with 1.
If the operation specifies one value, it is a 3-item array:
0 2
+-------------+==========+===========+
| | | |
| OPERATOR | FIELD_NO | VALUE |
| MP_STR | MP_INT | MP_OBJECT |
| | | |
+-------------+==========+===========+
MP_ARRAY
OPERATOR MP_STR = "+" or "-" or "&" or "^" or "|" or "!" or "="),
FIELD_NO MP_INT = field number starting with 1,
VALUE MP_OBJECT, that is, any type, MP_INT, MP_STR, etc..
Otherwise the operation is a 5-item array:
0 2
+-----------+==========+==========+========+==========+
| | | | | |
| ':' | FIELD_NO | POSITION | OFFSET | VALUE |
| MP_STR | MP_INT | MP_INT | MP_INT | MP_STR |
| | | | | |
+-----------+==========+==========+========+==========+
MP_ARRAY
OPERATOR MP_STR = ":",
FIELD_NO MP_INT = field number starting with 1,
POSITION MP_INT,
OFFSET MP_INT,
VALUE MP_STR.
For example, suppose a user changes field #2 in tuple #2 in space #256 to „BBBB“. The body will look like this: (notice that in this case there is an extra map item IPROTO_INDEX_BASE, to emphasize that field numbers start with 1, which is optional and can be omitted):
04 IPROTO_UPDATE
85 IPROTO_MAP, size 5
10 IPROTO_SPACE_ID, Map Item#1
cd 02 00 MP_UINT 256
11 IPROTO_INDEX_ID, Map Item#2
00 MP_INT 0 = primary-key index number
15 IPROTO_INDEX_BASE, Map Item#3
01 MP_INT = 1 i.e. field numbers start at 1
21 IPROTO_TUPLE, Map Item#4
91 MP_ARRAY, size 1, for array of operations
93 MP_ARRAY, size 3
a1 3d MP_STR = OPERATOR = '='
02 MP_INT = FIELD_NO = 2
a5 42 42 42 42 42 MP_STR = VALUE = 'BBBB'
20 IPROTO_KEY, Map Item#5
91 MP_ARRAY, size 1, for array of key values
02 MP_UINT = primary-key value = 2
IPROTO_DELETE = 0x05.
See space_object:delete(). The body is a 3-item map:
+=========================+=========================+====================+
| | | |
| 0x10: IPROTO_SPACE_ID | 0x11: IPROTO_INDEX_ID | 0x20: IPROTO_KEY |
| MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_ARRAY |
| | | |
+=========================+=========================+====================+
MP_MAP
IPROTO_SPACE_ID (0x10) + MP_INT, IPROTO_INDEX_ID (0x11) + MP_INT, IPROTO_KEY (0x20) + MP_ARRAY (array of key values).
IPROTO_CALL_16 = 0x06.
See conn:call(). The suffix _16 is a hint that this is
for the call() until Tarantool 1.6. It is deprecated.
Use IPROTO_CALL instead.
The body is a 2-item map:
+==============================+=======================+
| | |
| 0x22: IPROTO_FUNCTION_NAME | 0x21: IPROTO_TUPLE |
| MP_INT: MP_STRING | MP_INT: MP_ARRAY |
| | |
+==============================+=======================+
MP_MAP
IPROTO_FUNCTION_NAME (0x22) + function name (MP_STRING), IPROTO_TUPLE (0x22) + array of arguments (MP_ARRAY). The return value is an array of tuples.
IPROTO_AUTH = 0x07.
See authentication. See the later section Binary protocol – authentication.
IPROTO_EVAL = 0x08.
See conn:eval().
Since the argument is a Lua expression, this is
Tarantool’s way to handle non-binary with the
binary protocol. Any request that does not have
its own code, for example box.space.space-name:drop(),
will be handled either with IPROTO_CALL
or IPROTO_EVAL.
Some client-like utilities, such as tarantoolctl,
make extensive use of eval.
The body is a 2-item map:
+=======================+======================+
| | |
| 0x27: IPROTO_EXPR | 0x21: IPROTO_TUPLE |
| MP_INT: MP_STRING | MP_INT: MP_ARRAY |
| | |
+=======================+======================+
MP_MAP
IPROTO_EXPR (0x27) + expression (MP_STRING), IPROTO_TUPLE (0x21) + array of arguments to match placeholders.
IPROTO_UPSERT = 0x09.
+===============================+===============================+
| | |
| 0x10: IPROTO_SPACE_ID | 0x15: IPROTO_INDEX_BASE |
| MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_INT |
| | |
+===============================+===============================+
| +~~~~~~~~~~~+ | |
| | usually | | 0x21: IPROTO_TUPLE |
| | OPERATOR, | | MP_INT: MP_ARRAY |
| (IPROTO_OPS) | FIELD_NO, | | |
| 0x28: | VALUE | | |
| MP_INT: +~~~~~~~~~~~+ | |
| MP_ARRAY | |
+===============================+===============================+
MP_MAP
IPROTO_SPACE_ID (0x10) + MP_INT,
IPROTO_INDEX_BASE (0x15) + MP_INT with index number starting with 1,
IPROTO_OPS (0x28) + MP_ARRAY (array of upsert operations),
IPROTO_TUPLE (0x21) + MP_ARRAY (array of primary-key-field values).
The IPROTO_OPS is the same as the IPROTO_OPS of IPROTO_UPDATE.
IPROTO_CALL = 0x0a.
See conn:call(). The body is a 2-item map:
+==============================+======================+
| | |
| 0x22: IPROTO_FUNCTION_NAME | 0x21: IPROTO_TUPLE |
| MP_INT: MP_STRING | MP_INT: MP_ARRAY |
| | |
+==============================+======================+
MP_MAP
IPROTO_FUNCTION_NAME (0x22) + function name (MP_STRING), IPROTO_TUPLE (0x22) + array of arguments (MP_ARRAY). The response will be a list of values, similar to the IPROTO_EVAL response.
IPROTO_EXECUTE = 0x0b.
See box.execute(), this is only for SQL. The body is a 3-item map:
+=========================+=========================+========================+
| | | |
| 0x43: IPROTO_STMT_ID | 0x11: IPROTO_SQL_BIND | 0x20: IPROTO_OPTIONS |
| MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_ARRAY |
| or | | |
| 0x40: IPROTO_SQL_TEXT | | |
| MP_INT: MP_STR | | |
| | | |
+=========================+=========================+========================+
MP_MAP
IPROTO_STMT_ID (0x43) + statement-id (MP_INT) if executing a prepared statement or IPROTO_SQL_TEXT (0x40) + statement-text (MP_STR) if executing an SQL string, IPROTO_SQL_BIND (0x41) + array of parameter values to match ? placeholders or :name placeholders, IPROTO_OPTIONS (0x2b) + array of options (usually empty).
For example, suppose we prepare a statement
with two ? placeholders, and execute with two parameters, thus:
n = conn:prepare([[VALUES (?, ?);]])
conn:execute(n.stmt_id, {1,'a'})
Then the body will look like this:
0b IPROTO_EXECUTE
83 MP_MAP, size 3
43 IPROTO_STMT_ID Map Item#1
ce d7 aa 74 1b MP_UINT value of n.stmt_id
41 IPROTO_SQL_BIND Map Item#2
92 MP_ARRAY, size 2
01 MP_INT = 1 = value for first parameter
a1 61 MP_STR = 'a' = value for second parameter
2b IPROTO_OPTIONS Map Item#3
90 MP_ARRAY, size 0 (there are no options)
To call a prepared statement with named parameters from a connector pass the
parameters within an array of maps. A client should wrap each element into a map,
where the key holds a name of the parameter (with a colon) and the value holds
an actual value. So, to bind foo and bar to 42 and 43, a client should send
IPROTO_SQL_TEXT: <...>, IPROTO_SQL_BIND: [{"foo": 42}, {"bar": 43}].
If a statement has both named and non-named parameters, wrap only named ones into a map. The rest of parameters are positional and substituted in order.
IPROTO_NOP = 0x0c.
There is no Lua request exactly equivalent to IPROTO_NOP. It causes the LSN to be incremented. It could be sometimes used for updates where the old and new values are the same, but the LSN must be increased because a data-change must be recorded. The body is: nothing.
IPROTO_PREPARE = 0x0d.
See box.prepare, this is only for SQL. The body is a 1-item map:
+=========================+
| |
| 0x10: IPROTO_STMT_ID |
| MP_INT: MP_INT |
| or |
| 0x10: IPROTO_SQL_TEXT |
| MP_INT: MP_STR |
| |
+=========================+
MP_MAP
IPROTO_STMT_ID (0x43) + statement-id (MP_INT) if executing a prepared statement or IPROTO_SQL_TEXT (0x40) + statement-text (string) if executing an SQL string. Thus the IPROTO_PREPARE map item is the same as the first item of the IPROTO_EXECUTE map.
IPROTO_PING = 0x40.
See conn:ping(). The BODY will be an empty map because IPROTO_PING in the HEADER contains all the information that the server instance needs.
IPROTO_JOIN = 0x41, for replication
IPROTO_SUBSCRIBE = 0x42, for replication SUBSCRIBE
IPROTO_VOTE_DEPRECATED = 0x43, for old style vote, superseded by IPROTO_VOTE
IPROTO_VOTE = 0x44, for master election
IPROTO_FETCH_SNAPSHOT = 0x45, for starting anonymous replication
IPROTO_REGISTER =0x46, for leaving anonymous replication.
Tarantool constants 0x41 to 0x46 (decimal 65 to 70) are for replication. Connectors and clients do not need to send replication packets. See Binary protocol – replication.
After the HEADER, for a response, there will be a body. It will contain IPROTO_OK (0x00) (there was no error), or an error code other than IPROTO_OK (there was an error). Responses to SQL statements are slightly different and will be described in the later section, Binary protocol – responses for SQL.
For IPROTO_OK, the header Response-Code-Indicator will be 0 and the body will be:
++=====================+
|| |
|| 0x30: IPROTO_DATA |
|| MP_INT: MP_OBJECT |
|| |
++=====================+
MP_MAP
For IPROTO_PING the body will be an empty map. For most data-access requests (IPROTO_SELECT IPROTO_INSERT IPROTO_DELETE etc.) it will be an array of tuples that contain an array of fields. For IPROTO_EVAL and IPROTO_CALL it will usually be an array but, since Lua requests can result in a wide variety of structures, bodies can have a wide variety of structures.
For example, after box.space.space-name:insert{6} a successful response will look like this:
ce 00 00 00 20 MP_UINT = HEADER + BODY SIZE
83 MP_MAP, size 3
00 Response-Code-Indicator
ce 00 00 00 00 MP_UINT = IPROTO_OK
01 IPROTO_SYNC
cf 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 53 MP_UINT = sync value
05 IPROTO_SCHEMA_VERSION
ce 00 00 00 68 MP_UINT = schema version
81 MP_MAP, size 1
30 IPROTO_DATA
dd 00 00 00 01 MP_ARRAY, size 1 (row count)
91 MP_ARRAY, size 1 (field count)
06 MP_INT = 6 = the value that was inserted
IPROTO_DATA is what we get with net_box and Module buffer
so if we were using net_box we could decode with
msgpack.decode_unchecked(),
or we could convert to a string with ffi.string(pointer,length).
The pickle.unpack() function might also be helpful.
For a response other than IPROTO_OK, the header Response-Code-Indicator will be 0x8XXX and the body will be:
++======================+
|| |
|| 0x31: IPROTO_ERROR |
|| MP_INT: MP_STRING |
|| |
++======================+
MP_MAP
where 0x8XXX is the indicator for an error and XXX is a value in
src/box/errcode.h.
src/box/errcode.h also has some convenience macros which define hexadecimal
constants for return codes.
For example, if we try to create a duplicate space with
conn:eval([[box.schema.space.create('_space');]])
the server response will look like this:
ce 00 00 00 3b MP_UINT = HEADER + BODY SIZE
83 MP_MAP, size 3 (i.e. 3 items in header)
00 Response-Code-Indicator
ce 00 00 80 0a MP_UINT = hexadecimal 800a
01 IPROTO_SYNC
cf 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 26 MP_UINT = sync value
05 IPROTO_SCHEMA_VERSION
ce 00 00 00 78 MP_UINT = schema version value
81 MP_MAP, size 1
31 IPROTO_ERROR
db 00 00 00 1d 53 70 61 63 etc. MP_STR = "Space '_space' already exists"
Looking in errcode.h we find that error code 0x0a (decimal 10) is ER_SPACE_EXISTS, and the string associated with ER_SPACE_EXISTS is «Space „%s“ already exists».
After the HEADER, for a response to an SQL statement, there will be a body that is slightly different from the body for Binary protocol – responses if no error and no SQL.
If the SQL request is not SELECT or VALUES or PRAGMA, then the response body contains only IPROTO_SQL_INFO (0x42). Usually IPROTO_SQL_INFO is a map with only one item – SQL_INFO_ROW_COUNT (0x00) – which is the number of changed rows.
+=========================================================+
| |
| 0x42: IPROTO_SQL_INFO |
| MP_MAP: usually 1 item +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ |
| | | |
| | 0x00: SQL_INFO_ROW_COUNT | |
| | MP_UINT: changed row count | |
| | | |
| +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ |
| |
+=========================================================+
For example, if the request is
INSERT INTO table-name VALUES (1), (2), (3), then the response body
contains an IPROTO_SQL_INFO map with SQL_INFO_ROW_COUNT = 3.
SQL_INFO_ROW_COUNT can be 0 for statements that do not change rows,
but can be 1 for statements that create new objects.
The IPROTO_SQL_INFO map may contain a second item – SQL_INFO_AUTO_INCREMENT_IDS (0x01) – which is the new primary-key value (or values) for an INSERT in a table defined with PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT. In this case the MP_MAP will have two keys, and one of the two keys will be 0x01: SQL_INFO_AUTO_INCREMENT_IDS, which is an array of unsigned integers.
For example, if we use the same net.box connection that
we used for Binary protocol – illustration
and we say
conn:execute([[CREATE TABLE t1 (dd INT PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, дд STRING COLLATE "unicode");]])
conn:execute([[INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (NULL, 'a'), (NULL, 'b');]])
and we watch what tcpdump displays, we will see two noticeable things:
(1) the CREATE statement caused a schema change so the response has
a new IPROTO_SCHEMA_VERSION value and the body includes
the new contents of some system tables (caused by requests from net.box which users will not see);
(2) the final bytes of the response to the INSERT will be:
81 MP_MAP, size 1
42 IPROTO_SQL_INFO
82 MP_MAP, size 2
00 Tarantool constant (not in iproto_constants.h) = SQL_INFO_ROW_COUNT
02 1 = row count
01 Tarantool constant (not in iproto_constants.h) = SQL_INFO_AUTOINCREMENT_ID
92 MP_ARRAY, size 2
01 first autoincrement number
02 second autoincrement number
If the SQL statement is SELECT or VALUES or PRAGMA, the response contains:
- IPROTO_METADATA + array of column maps, with each column map containing
at least IPROTO_FIELD_NAME (0x00) + MP_STR, and IPROTO_FIELD_TYPE (0x01) + MP_STR.
Additionally, if
sql_full_metadatain the _session_settings system space is TRUE, then the array will have these additional column maps which correspond to components described in the box.execute() section: IPROTO_FIELD_COLL (0x02) + MP_STR, IPROTO_FIELD_IS_NULLABLE (0x03) + MP_BOOL, IPROTO_FIELD_IS_AUTOINCREMENT (0x04) + MP_BOOL, IPROTO_FIELD_SPAN (0x05) + MP_STR or MP_NIL. - IPROTO_DATA + array of tuples = the result set «rows»
EXECUTE SELECT RESPONSE BODY:
MAP
+=============================================+===========================+
| | |
| 0x32: IPROTO_METADATA | |
| MP_ARRAY: array of maps: | |
| +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-------~~+ | |
| | +~~~~~~~~~~~~~-------~~~~~~~+ | | 0x30: IPROTO_DATA |
| | | 0x00: IPROTO_FIELD_NAME | | | MP_ARRAY: array of tuples |
| | | MP_STR: field name | | | |
| | | 0x01: IPROTO_FIELD_TYPE | | | |
| | | MP_STR: field type | | | |
| | | + more if full metadata | | | |
| | +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ | | |
| | MP_MAP | | |
| +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ | |
| MP_ARRAY | |
| | |
+=============================================+===========================+
For example, if we use the same net_box connection that
we used for Binary protocol – illustration
and we ask for full metadata by saying
conn.space._session_settings:update('sql_full_metadata', {{'=', 'value', true}})
and we select the two rows from the table that we just created
conn:execute([[SELECT dd, дд AS д FROM t1;]])
then tcpdump will show this response, after the header:
82 MP_MAP, size 2 (i.e. metadata and rows)
32 IPROTO_METADATA
92 MP_ARRAY, size 2 (i.e. 2 columns)
85 MP_MAP, size 5 (i.e. 5 items for column#1)
00 a2 44 44 IPROTO_FIELD_NAME + 'DD'
01 a7 69 6e 74 65 67 65 72 IPROTO_FIELD_TYPE + 'integer'
03 c2 IPROTO_FIELD_IS_NULLABLE + false
04 c3 IPROTO_FIELD_IS_AUTOINCREMENT + true
05 c0 PROTO_FIELD_SPAN + nil
85 MP_MAP, size 5 (i.e. 5 items for column#2)
00 a2 d0 94 IPROTO_FIELD_NAME + 'Д' upper case
01 a6 73 74 72 69 6e 67 IPROTO_FIELD_TYPE + 'string'
02 a7 75 6e 69 63 6f 64 65 IPROTO_FIELD_COLL + 'unicode'
03 c3 IPROTO_FIELD_IS_NULLABLE + true
05 a4 d0 b4 d0 b4 IPROTO_FIELD_SPAN + 'дд' lower case
30 IPROTO_DATA
92 MP_ARRAY, size 2
92 MP_ARRAY, size 2
01 MP_INT = 1 i.e. contents of row#1 column#1
a1 61 MP_STR = 'a' i.e. contents of row#1 column#2
92 MP_ARRAY, size 2
02 MP_INT = 2 i.e. contents of row#2 column#1
a1 62 MP_STR = 'b' i.e. contents of row#2 column#2
If instead we said
conn:prepare([[SELECT dd, дд AS д FROM t1;]])
then tcpdump would should show almost the same response, but there would
be no IPROTO_DATA and there would be two additional items:
34 00 = IPROTO_BIND_COUNT + MP_UINT = 0 (there are no parameters to bind),
33 90 = IPROTO_BIND_METADATA + MP_ARRAY, size 0 (there are no parameters to bind).
84 MP_MAP, size 4
43 IPROTO_STMT_ID
ce c2 3c 2c 1e MP_UINT = statement id
34 IPROTO_BIND_COUNT
00 MP_INT = 0 = number of parameters to bind
33 IPROTO_BIND_METADATA
90 MP_ARRAY, size 0 = there are no parameters to bind
32 IPROTO_METADATA
92 MP_ARRAY, size 2 (i.e. 2 columns)
85 MP_MAP, size 5 (i.e. 5 items for column#1)
00 a2 44 44 IPROTO_FIELD_NAME + 'DD'
01 a7 69 6e 74 65 67 65 72 IPROTO_FIELD_TYPE + 'integer'
03 c2 IPROTO_FIELD_IS_NULLABLE + false
04 c3 IPROTO_FIELD_IS_AUTOINCREMENT + true
05 c0 PROTO_FIELD_SPAN + nil
85 MP_MAP, size 5 (i.e. 5 items for column#2)
00 a2 d0 94 IPROTO_FIELD_NAME + 'Д' upper case
01 a6 73 74 72 69 6e 67 IPROTO_FIELD_TYPE + 'string'
02 a7 75 6e 69 63 6f 64 65 IPROTO_FIELD_COLL + 'unicode'
03 c3 IPROTO_FIELD_IS_NULLABLE + true
05 a4 d0 b4 d0 b4 IPROTO_FIELD_SPAN + 'дд' lower case
Now read the source code file net_box.c where the function «decode_metadata_optional» is an example of how Tarantool itself decodes extra items.
When a client connects to the server instance, the instance responds with a 128-byte text greeting message, like this:
Greeting packet sent by server after connect:
0 63
+--------------------------------------+
| |
| Tarantool Greeting (server version) |
| 64 bytes |
+---------------------+----------------+
| | |
| BASE64 encoded SALT | NULL |
| 44 bytes | |
+---------------------+----------------+
64 107 127
The greeting contains two 64-byte lines of ASCII text.
Each line ends with a newline character (\n). The first line contains
the instance version and protocol type. The second line contains up to 44 bytes
of base64-encoded random string, to use in the authentication packet, and ends
with up to 23 spaces.
Part of the greeting is a base-64-encoded session salt - a random string which can be used for authentication. The length of a decoded salt (44 bytes) exceeds the amount necessary to sign the authentication message (the first 20 bytes). An excess is reserved for future authentication schemas.
Authentication is optional – if it is skipped, then the session user is 'guest'
(the 'guest' user does not need a password).
If authentication is not skipped, then at any time an authentication packet can be prepared using the greeting, as follows.
PREPARE SCRAMBLE:
LEN(ENCODED_SALT) = 44;
LEN(SCRAMBLE) = 20;
prepare 'chap-sha1' scramble:
salt = base64_decode(encoded_salt);
step_1 = sha1(password);
step_2 = sha1(step_1);
step_3 = sha1(salt, step_2);
scramble = xor(step_1, step_3);
return scramble;
AUTHORIZATION BODY: CODE = IPROTO_AUTH (0x07)
+==========================+====================================+
| | +-------------+-----------+ |
| (KEY) | (TUPLE)| len == 9 | len == 20 | |
| 0x23: IPROTO_USER_NAME | 0x21:| "chap-sha1" | SCRAMBLE | |
| MP_INT: MP_STRING | MP_INT:| MP_STRING | MP_BIN | |
| | +-------------+-----------+ |
| | MP_ARRAY |
+==========================+====================================+
MP_MAP
<key> holds the user name. <tuple> must be an array of 2 fields:
authentication mechanism («chap-sha1» is the only supported mechanism right now)
and password, encrypted according to the specified mechanism.
The server instance responds to an authentication packet with a standard response with 0 tuples.
To see how Tarantool handles this, look at net_box.c function netbox_encode_auth.
-- replication keys
<server_id> ::= 0x02
<lsn> ::= 0x03
<timestamp> ::= 0x04
<server_uuid> ::= 0x24
<cluster_uuid> ::= 0x25
<vclock> ::= 0x26
-- replication codes
<join> ::= 0x41
<subscribe> ::= 0x42
JOIN:
In the beginning you must send an initial IPROTO_JOIN request (0x41)
HEADER BODY
+================+=======================++========================+
| | || IPROTO_INSTANCE_UUID |
| 0x00: 0x41 | 0x01: IPROTO_SYNC || 0x24: UUID |
| MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_INT || MP_INT: MP_STRING |
| | || |
+================+=======================++========================+
MP_MAP MP_MAP
Then the instance which you want to connect to will send its last SNAP file,
by simply creating a number of INSERTs (with additional LSN and ServerID)
(do not reply to this). Then that instance will send a vclock's MP_MAP and
close a socket.
+================+=======================++============================+
| | || +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ |
| | || | | |
| 0x00: 0x00 | 0x01: IPROTO_SYNC || 0x26:| SRV_ID: SRV_LSN | |
| MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_INT || MP_INT:| MP_INT: MP_INT | |
| | || +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ |
| | || MP_MAP |
+================+=======================++============================+
MP_MAP MP_MAP
SUBSCRIBE:
Then you must send an IPROTO_SUBSCRIBE request (0x42)
HEADER
+=========================+========================+
| | |
| 0x00: 0x42 | 0x01: IPROTO_SYNC |
| MP_INT: MP_INT | MP_INT: MP_INT |
| | |
+=========================+========================+
| IPROTO_INSTANCE_UUID | IPROTO_CLUSTER_UUID |
| 0x24: UUID | 0x25: UUID |
| MP_INT: MP_STRING | MP_INT: MP_STRING |
| | |
+=========================+========================+
MP_MAP
BODY
+=======================+
| |
| 0x26: IPROTO_VCLOCK |
| MP_INT: MP_INT |
| |
+=======================+
MP_MAP
Then you must process every request that could come through other masters.
Every request between masters will have Additional LSN and SERVER_ID.
Frequently a master sends a heartbeat message to a replica. For example, if there is a replica with id = 2, and a timestamp with a moment in 2020, a master might send this:
83 MP_MAP, size 3
00 Main-Map Item #1 IPROTO_REQUEST_TYPE
00 MP_UINT = 0
02 Main-Map Item #2 IPROTO_REPLICA_ID
02 MP_UINT = 2 = id
04 Main-Map Item #3 IPROTO_TIMESTAMP
cb MP_DOUBLE (MessagePack "Float 64")
41 d7 ba 06 7b 3a 03 21 8-byte timestamp
and the replica might send back this:
81 MP_MAP, size 1
00 Main-Map Item #1 Response-code-indicator
00 MP_UINT = 0 = IPROTO_OK
81 Main-Map Item #2, MP_MAP, size 1
26 Sub-Map Item #1 IPROTO_VCLOCK
81 Sub-Map Item #2, MP_MAP, size 1
01 MP_UINT = 1 = id (part 1 of vclock)
06 MP_UINT = 6 = lsn (part 2 of vclock)
MessagePack EXT type MP_EXT together with the extension type
MP_DECIMAL is used as a record header.
MP_DECIMAL is 1.
MessagePack spec defines two kinds of types:
fixext 1/2/4/8/16types have fixed length so the length is not encoded explicitly;ext 8/16/32types require the data length to be encoded.
MP_EXP + optional length imply using one of these types.
The decimal MessagePack representation looks like this:
+--------+-------------------+------------+===============+
| MP_EXT | length (optional) | MP_DECIMAL | PackedDecimal |
+--------+-------------------+------------+===============+
Here length is the length of PackedDecimal field, and it is of type
MP_UINT, when encoded explicitly (i.e. when the type is ext 8/16/32).
PackedDecimal has the following structure:
<--- length bytes -->
+-------+=============+
| scale | BCD |
+-------+=============+
Here scale is either MP_INT or MP_UINT.
scale = -exponent (exponent negated!)
BCD is a sequence of bytes representing decimal digits of the encoded number
(each byte represents two decimal digits each encoded using 4 bits),
so byte >> 4 is the first digit and byte & 0x0f is the second digit.
The leftmost digit in the array is the most significant.
The rightmost digit in the array is the least significant.
The first byte of the BCD array contains the first digit of the number,
represented as follows:
| 4 bits | 4 bits |
= 0x = the 1st digit
The last byte of the BCD array contains the last digit of the number and the
nibble, represented as follows:
| 4 bits | 4 bits |
= the last digit = nibble
The nibble represents the number’s sign:
0x0a,0x0c,0x0e,0x0fstand for plus,0x0band0x0dstand for minus.
Examples
The decimal -12.34 will be encoded as 0xd6,0x01,0x02,0x01,0x23,0x4d:
|MP_EXT (fixext 4) | MP_DECIMAL | scale | 1 | 2,3 | 4 (minus) |
| 0xd6 | 0x01 | 0x02 | 0x01 | 0x23 | 0x4d |
The decimal 0.000000000000000000000000000000000010
will be encoded as 0xc7,0x03,0x01,0x24,0x01,0x0c:
| MP_EXT (ext 8) | length | MP_DECIMAL | scale | 1 | 0 (plus) |
| 0xc7 | 0x03 | 0x01 | 0x24 | 0x01 | 0x0c |
.xlog and .snap files have nearly the same format. The header looks like:
<type>\n SNAP\n или XLOG\n
<version>\n в данный момент 0.13\n
Server: <server_uuid>\n где UUID -- это 36-байтная строка
VClock: <vclock_map>\n например, {1: 0}\n
\n
После файла заголовка идут кортежи с данными. Кортежи начинаются с маркера строки 0xd5ba0bab, а после последнего кортежа может стоять маркер конца файла 0xd510aded. Таким образом, между заголовком файла и маркером конца файла могут быть кортежи с данными в следующем виде:
0 3 4 17
+-------------+========+============+===========+=========+
| | | | | |
| 0xd5ba0bab | LENGTH | CRC32 PREV | CRC32 CUR | PADDING |
| | | | | |
+-------------+========+============+===========+=========+
MP_FIXEXT2 MP_INT MP_INT MP_INT ---
+============+ +===================================+
| | | |
| HEADER | | BODY |
| | | |
+============+ +===================================+
MP_MAP MP_MAP
См. пример в разделе Форматы файлов.